马普学会气象研究所[Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie]拥有先进的地球系统模式,其所属IMPRS-ESM(博士研究生培养单位)每年在全球招收十多名博士。感兴趣的同学可以查看官网。在今年的新生导论课程An introduction to Earth System Modelling中,我们用python手敲了一个地球系统模式,模型虽然简单(因此称为box model),但是对于理解耦合地球系统模式是怎样运行的非常有帮助,比如,你会知道,原来模型真的就是把初值设置为0,然后让它跑。
The model we will develop, which for lack of a better word we call the Earth-system Box Model, consists of a coupled set of differential equations describing how changes in the heat and carbon content reservoirs influence one another, and Earth’s surface temperature.
模型基于能量和质量守恒,分别建立 Energy Balance Box Model (EBBM) 和 Mass (carbon) Balance Box Model (MBBM) (Fig 5.1). 前者仅两层,分别是上层或表层海洋,用字母表示,以及深海,用字母表示。课上bjoren介绍了为什么这个简单的box model不包含大气的合理性。虽然他是atmosphere department的director。海洋的相当深度( equivalent depth) 为2620m,表层占比用参数表示,其余为深海。后者仅考虑碳守恒,包含四层:表示大气,表示陆地,以及表层和深层海洋。我们也可以从下图看出,改模型包含两个外部输入,一个是来自外太空的能量,以及通过燃烧化石能源注入的碳.
To define , we need the emission first. The logistic equation that emulate the historical and future high-end emission sce- nario SSP5-8.5 is as follows (Archer and Brovkin, 2008):
where , . By definition , which can be derived analytically.
A_tot,t_opt = sympy.symbols ("A_tot,t_opt")
A = sympy.Function("A")
A = A_tot*( 1/(1+2.5*sympy.exp((t_opt-t)/50)) - 1/(1+2.5*sympy.exp(t_opt/50))) # rcp8.5 emission
A_ = [] for i in range(600): A_.append(A.subs({t:i,t_opt:250,A_tot:5000}))
plt.plot(A_)
Fig. 2 historical and future high-end emission sce- nario SSP5-8.5
We use numeric solution here, firstly define some initial conditions. Most of the values for the parameters can be found in the lecture note, for example, the table below: