你可以建立一个反向字典:
import random
d = {'banana': 3, 'apple': 2, 'cherry': 1, 'orange': 3}
d_inv = dict.fromkeys(d.values())
for dkey, dval in d.items():
d_inv.setdefault(dval, list())
d_inv[dval].append(dkey)
m = max(d.values())
print(random.choice(d_inv[m]))