1 Szegedy C, Toshev A, Erhan D. Deep neural networks for object detection. In: Proceedings of the 2013 Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS). Harrahs and Harveys, Lake Tahoe, USA: MIT Press, 2013, 2553-2561.
2 Felzenszwalb P F, Girshick R B, McAllester D, Ramanan D. Object detection with discriminatively trained part-based models. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2010, 32(9): 1627-1645.
3 Huang Kai-Qi, Ren Wei-Qiang, Tan Tie-Niu. A review on image object classification and detection. Chinese Journal of Computers, 2014, 37(6): 1225-1240.
( 黄凯奇, 任伟强, 谭铁牛. 图像物体分类与检测算法综述. 计算机学报, 2014, 37(6): 1225-1240.)
4 Zhang X, Yang Y H, Han Z G, Wang H, Gao C. Object class detection: a survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 2013, 46(1): Article No. 10.
5 Dalal N, Triggs B. Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). San Diego, CA, USA: IEEE, 2005, 1:886-893
6 Uijlings J R R, van de Sande K E A, Gevers T, Smeulders A W M. Selective search for object recognition. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2013, 104(2): 154-171.
7 Ren S Q, He K M, Girshick R, Sun J. Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2017, 39(6): 1137-1149.
8 He K M, Zhang X Y, Ren S Q, Sun J. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Las Vegas, Nevada, USA: IEEE, 2016. 770-778
9 Lampert C H, Blaschko M B, Hofmann T. Beyond sliding windows: object localization by efficient subwindow search. In: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Anchorage, Alaska, USA: IEEE, 2008. 1-8
10 An S J, Peursum P, Liu W Q, Venkatesh S. Efficient algorithms for subwindow search in object detection and localization. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Miami, Florida, USA: IEEE, 2009. 264-271
11 Wei Y C, Tao L T. Efficient histogram-based sliding window. In: Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). San Francisco, CA, USA: IEEE, 2010. 3003-3010
12 Van de Sande K E A, Uijlings J R R, Gevers T, Smeulders A W M. Segmentation as selective search for object recognition. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Barcelona, Spain: IEEE, 2011. 1879-1886
13 Shotton J, Blake A, Cipolla R. Multiscale categorical object recognition using contour fragments. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2008, 30(7): 1270-1281.
14 Leibe B, Leonardis A, Schiele B. Robust object detection with interleaved categorization and segmentation. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2008, 77(1-3): 259-289.
15 Arbelaez P, Maire M, Fowlkes C, Malik J. Contour detection and hierarchical image segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2011, 33(5): 898-916.
16 Shotton J, Winn J, Rother C, Criminisi A. TextonBoost: joint appearance, shape and context modeling for multi-class object recognition and segmentation. In: Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2006. 1-15
17 Verbeek J, Triggs B. Region classification with Markov field aspect models. In: Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: IEEE, 2007. 1-8
18 Cheng M M, Zhang Z M, Lin W Y, Torr P. BING: binarized normed gradients for objectness estimation at 300fps. In: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Columbus, USA: IEEE, 2014. 3286-3293
19 Zitnick C L, Dollár P. Edge boxes:locating object proposals from edges. In: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). Zurich, Switzerland:Springer, 2014. 391-405
20 Hosang J, Benenson R, Schiele B. How good are detection proposals, really? arXiv:1406.6962, 2014.
21 Szegedy C, Reed S, Erhan D, Anguelov D, Ioffe S. Scalable, high-quality object detection. arXiv:1412.1441, 2014.
22 Erhan D, Szegedy C, Toshev A, Anguelov D. Scalable object detection using deep neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Columbus, Ohio, USA: IEEE, 2014. 2155-2162
23 Kuo W C, Hariharan B, Malik J. Deepbox: learning objectness with convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Santiago, Chile: IEEE, 2015. 2479-2487
24 Ghodrati A, Diba A, Pedersoli M, Tuytelaars T, Van Gool L. Deepproposal: hunting objects by cascading deep convolutional layers. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Santiago, Chile: IEEE, 2015. 2578-2586
25 Gidaris S, Komodakis N. Locnet: improving localization accuracy for object detection. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE, 2016. 789-798
26 Lawrence G R. Machine Perception of Three-dimensional Solids[Ph.D. dissertation], Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 1963.
27 Canny J. A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1986, PAMI-8(6): 679-698.
28 Marr D, Hildreth E. Theory of edge detection. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 1980, 207(1167): 187-217.
29 Pellegrino F A, Vanzella W, Torre V. Edge detection revisited. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics), 2004, 34(3): 1500-1518.
30 Harris C, Stephens M. A combined corner and edge detector. In: Proceedings of the 4th Alvey Vision Conference. Manchester, UK: University of Sheffield Printing Unit, 1988. 147-151
31 Rosten E, Porter R, Drummond T. Faster and better: a machine learning approach to corner detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2010, 32(1): 105-119.
32 Lowe D G. Object recognition from local scale-invariant features. In: Proceedings of the 7th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Kerkyra, Greece: IEEE, 1999, 2:1150-1157
33 Lowe D G. Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2004, 60(2): 91-110.
34 Papageorgiou C P, Oren M, Poggio T. A general framework for object detection. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Bombay, India: IEEE, 1998. 555-562
35 Ojala T, Pietikäinen M, Harwood D. Performance evaluation of texture measures with classification based on Kullback discrimination of distributions. In: Proceedings of the 12th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Conference A: Computer Vision and Image Processing. Jerusalem, Israel, Palestine: IEEE, 1994, 1:582-585
36 Ojala T, Pietikäinen M, Harwood D. A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distributions. Pattern Recognition, 1996, 29(1): 51-59.
37 Yan J J, Lei Z, Yi D, Li S Z. Multi-pedestrian detection in crowded scenes: a global view. In: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Providence, Rhode Island, USA: IEEE, 2012. 3124-3129
38 Yan J J, Zhang X C, Lei Z, Liao S C, Li S Z. Robust multi-resolution pedestrian detection in traffic scenes. In: Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Portland, Oregon, USA: IEEE, 2013. 3033-3040
39 Yan J J, Zhang X C, Lei Z, Yi D, Li S Z. Structural models for face detection. In: Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference and Workshops on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FG). Shanghai, China: IEEE, 2013. 1-6
40 Zhu X X, Ramanan D. Face detection, pose estimation, and landmark localization in the wild. In: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Providence, Rhode Island, USA: IEEE, 2012. 2879-2886
41 Yang Y, Ramanan D. Articulated pose estimation with flexible mixtures-of-parts. In: Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Providence, RI, USA: IEEE, 2011. 1385-1392
42 Yan J J, Lei Z, Wen L Y, Li S Z. The fastest deformable part model for object detection. In: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Columbus, Ohio, USA: IEEE, 2014. 2497-2504
43 Lazebnik S, Schmid C, Ponce J. Beyond bags of features: spatial pyramid matching for recognizing natural scene categories. In:Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). New York, NY, USA: IEEE, 2006. 2169-2178
44 Girshick R, Donahue J, Darrell T, Malik J. Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In:Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Columbus, Ohio, USA: IEEE, 2014. 580-587
45 Russakovsky O, Deng J, Su H, Krause J, Satheesh S, Ma S, Huang Z H, Karpathy A, Khosla A, Bernstein M, Berg A C, Fei-Fei L. ImageNet large scale visual recognition challenge. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2015, 115(3): 211-252.
46 Everingham M, Van Gool L, Williams C K I, Winn J, Zisserman A. The PASCAL visual object classes (VOC) challenge. International Journal of Computer Vision, 2010, 88(2): 303-338.
47 Xiao J X, Hays J, Ehinger K A, Oliva A, Torralba A. Sun database: large-scale scene recognition from abbey to zoo. In:Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). San Francisco, CA, USA: IEEE, 2010. 3485-3492
48 Lin T Y, Maire M, Belongie S, Hays J, Perona P, Ramanan D, Dollár P, Zitnick C L. Microsoft COCO: common objects in context. In: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). Zurich, Switzerland:Springer, 2014. 740-755
49 Rumelhart D E, Hinton G E, Williams R J. Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Nature, 1986, 323(6088): 533-536.
50 LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G. Deep learning. Nature, 2015, 521(7553): 436-444.
51 Hinton G E, Salakhutdinov R R. Reducing the dimensionality of data with neural networks. Science, 2006, 313(5786): 504-507.
52 Hinton G E, Osindero S, Teh Y W. A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets. Neural Computation, 2006, 18(7): 1527-1554.
53 Bengio Y, Lamblin P, Popovici D, Larochelle H. Greedy layer-wise training of deep networks. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2006. 153-160
54 LeCun Y, Chopra S, Hadsell R, Ranzato M, Huang F. A tutorial on energy-based learning. Predicting Structured Data. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2006.
55 Lee H, Ekanadham C, Ng A Y. Sparse deep belief net model for visual area V2. In: Proceedings of the 2007 Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS). Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada:MIT Press, 2007. 873-880
56 Hinton G, Deng L, Yu D, Dahl G E, Mohamed A R, Jaitly N, Senior A, Vanhoucke V, Nguyen P, Sainath T N, Kingsbury B. Deep neural networks for acoustic modeling in speech recognition:the shared views of four research groups. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2012, 29(6): 82-97.
57 Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton G E. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA: MIT Press, 2012. 1097-1105
58 Girshick R. Fast R-CNN. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Santiago, Chile:IEEE, 2015. 1440-1448
59 Lecun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1998, 86(11): 2278-2324.
60 Vincent P, Larochelle H, Bengio Y, Manzagol P A. Extracting and composing robust features with denoising Autoencoders. In:Proceedings of the 25th IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). Helsinki, Finland: IEEE, 2008. 1096-1103
61 Masci J, Meier U, Cireşan D, Schmidhuber J. Stacked convolutional auto-encoders for hierarchical feature extraction. In:Proceedings of the 21th International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2011. 52-59
62 Zeiler M D, Fergus R. Visualizing and understanding convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). Zurich, Switzerland:Springer, 2014. 818-833
63 Simonyan K, Zisserman A. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv:1409.1556, 2014.
64 Szegedy C, Liu W, Jia Y Q, Sermanet P, Reed S, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Vanhoucke V, Rabinovich A. Going deeper with convolutions. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: IEEE, 2015. 1-9
65 Szegedy C, Ioffe S, Vanhoucke V, Alemi A. Inception-v4, Inception-ResNet and the impact of residual connections on learning. arXiv:1602.07261, 2016.
66 Ioffe S, Szegedy C. Batch normalization: accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. arXiv:1502.03167, 2015.
67 Szegedy C, Vanhoucke V, Ioffe S, Shlens J, Wojna Z. Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. arXiv:1512.00567, 2015.
68 He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J. Spatial pyramid pooling in deep convolutional networks for visual recognition. In: Proceedings of the 2014 European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). Zurich, Switzerland: Springer, 2014. 346-361
69 Bell S, Lawrence Zitnick C, Bala K, Girshick R. Inside-outside net: detecting objects in context with skip pooling and recurrent neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Las Vegas, NV, USA:IEEE, 2016. 2874-2883
70 Yang F, Choi W, Lin Y Q. Exploit all the layers: fast and accurate CNN object detector with scale dependent pooling and cascaded rejection classifiers. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE, 2016. 2129-2137
71 Shrivastava A, Gupta A, Girshick R. Training region-based object detectors with online hard example mining. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE, 2016. 761-769
72 Sung K K. Learning and Example Selection for Object and Pattern Detection[Ph.D. dissertation], Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 1996.
73 Kong T, Yao A B, Chen Y R, Sun F C. Hyper Net:towards accurate region proposal generation and joint object detection. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE, 2016. 845-853
74 Dai J F, Li Y, He K M, Sun J. R-FCN:object detection via region-based fully convolutional networks. In: Proceedings of the 2016 Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS). Barcelona, Spain: MIT Press, 2016. 379-387
75 Kim K H, Hong S, Roh B, Cheon Y, Park M. PVANET: deep but lightweight neural networks for real-time object detection. arXiv: 1608.08021, 2016.
76 Shang W L, Sohn K, Almeida D, Lee H. Understanding and improving convolutional neural networks via concatenated rectified linear units. In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). New York, USA: IEEE, 2016. 2217-2225
77 Sermanet P, Eigen D, Zhang X, Mathieu M, Fergus R, LeCun Y. Overfeat: integrated recognition, localization and detection using convolutional networks. arXiv:1312.6229, 2013.
78 Redmon J, Divvala S, Girshick R, Farhadi A. You only look once:unified, real-time object detection. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE, 2016. 779-788
79 Najibi M, Rastegari M, Davis L S. G-CNN:an iterative grid based object detector. In: Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). Las Vegas, NV, USA: IEEE, 2016. 2369-2377
80 Liu W, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Szegedy C, Reed S E, Fu C Y, Berg A C. SSD: single shot multibox detector. In: Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). Amsterdam, Netherlands:Springer, 2016. 21-37
81 Redmon J, Farhadi A. YOLO9000: better, faster, stronger. arXiv:1612.08242, 2016.
82 Pepik B, Benenson R, Ritschel T, Schiele B. What is holding back convnets for detection? In: Proceedings of the 2015 German Conference on Pattern Recognition. Cham, Germany:Springer, 2015. 517-528
83 Xiang Y, Mottaghi R, Savarese S. Beyond PASCAL:a benchmark for 3d object detection in the wild. In: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA: IEEE, 2014. 75-82
84 Amazon Mechanical Turk[Online], available: https://www.mturk.com/, February 13, 2017
85 Wang Kun-Feng, Gou Chao, Wang Fei-Yue. Parallel vision: an ACP-based approach to intelligent vision computing. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2016, 42(10): 1490-1500.
( 王坤峰, 苟超, 王飞跃. 平行视觉:基于ACP的智能视觉计算方法. 自动化学报, 2016, 42(10): 1490-1500.)
86 Wang K F, Gou C, Zheng N N, Rehg J M, Wang F Y. Parallel vision for perception and understanding of complex scenes: methods, framework, and perspectives. Artificial Intelligence Review[Online], available:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10462-017-9569-z, July 18, 2017
87 Wang Fei-Yue. Parallel system methods for management and control of complex systems. Control and Decision, 2004, 19(5): 485-489, 514.
( 王飞跃. 平行系统方法与复杂系统的管理和控制. 控制与决策, 2004, 19(5): 485-489, 514.)
88 Wang F Y. Parallel control and management for intelligent transportation systems: concepts, architectures, and applications. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2010, 11(3): 630-638.
89 Wang Fei-Yue. Parallel control:a method for data-driven and computational control. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2013, 39(4): 293-302.
( 王飞跃. 平行控制:数据驱动的计算控制方法. 自动化学报, 2013, 39(4): 293-302.)
90 Peng X C, Sun B C, Ali K, Saenko K. Learning deep object detectors from 3D models. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). Santiago, Chile: IEEE, 2015. 1278-1286
91 Johnson-Roberson M, Barto C, Mehta R, Sridhar S N, Rosaen K, Vasudevan R. Driving in the matrix: can virtual worlds replace human-generated annotations for real world tasks? arXiv: 1610.01983, 2016.
92 Pan S J, Yang Q. A survey on transfer learning. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2010, 22(10): 1345-1359.
93 Taylor M E, Stone P. Transfer learning for reinforcement learning domains: a survey. The Journal of Machine Learning Research, 2009, 10: 1633-1685.